ionosphere$40724$ - translation to αραβικά
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ionosphere$40724$ - translation to αραβικά

TYPE OF ATMOSPHERIC DUCT
Earth-Ionosphere waveguide; Earth-ionosphere waveguide
  • 
'''Figure 3.''' Normalized vertical field strength E<sub>z</sub> vs. distance ρ in magnitude (solid line, left ordinate) and phase (dashed line, right ordinate).<ref group="note">The transmitter is a vertical electric Hertzian dipole radiating at 15&nbsp;kHz. The virtual reflection height of the Earth-ionosphere waveguide is at 70&nbsp;km, corresponding to day time conditions at mid-latitudes. The amplitude minimum near ρ = 500&nbsp; is the last interference minimum between ground wave and first sky wave (ray theory). It is also the first interference minimum between first and second mode (mode theory)</ref>
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'''Figure 1.''' Geometry of ray propagation within the Earth–ionosphere waveguide. The ground wave and two sky waves are displayed
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'''Figure 2.''' Real and virtual reflection height

ionosphere      
n. الأينوسفير الغلاف الأيوني
ionosphere         
  • Overview of ionosphere phenomena
  • Ionospheric layers.
  • Ionospheric sub-layers from night to day indicating their approximate altitudes
  • Lightning sprites]].
  • Main gases of the ionosphere (about 50 km and above on this chart) vary considerably by altitude
ATMOSPHERIC LAYER OF A PLANET
D region; Ionospheric; D layer; D-layer; D Layer; D-region; Ionospheric layer; D-Layer; Ionospheric model; Ionospheric Studies; Neutral atmosphere; Neutrosphere; Neutropause
طبقة مؤينة ، غلاف أيونى
IONOSPHERE         
  • Overview of ionosphere phenomena
  • Ionospheric layers.
  • Ionospheric sub-layers from night to day indicating their approximate altitudes
  • Lightning sprites]].
  • Main gases of the ionosphere (about 50 km and above on this chart) vary considerably by altitude
ATMOSPHERIC LAYER OF A PLANET
D region; Ionospheric; D layer; D-layer; D Layer; D-region; Ionospheric layer; D-Layer; Ionospheric model; Ionospheric Studies; Neutral atmosphere; Neutrosphere; Neutropause

ألاسم

اّينوسفير الغِف اّيوني

Ορισμός

D-layer
¦ noun the lowest layer of the ionosphere, able to reflect low-frequency radio waves.
Origin
1930s: from an arbitrary use of the letter D.

Βικιπαίδεια

Earth–ionosphere waveguide

The Earth–ionosphere waveguide refers to the phenomenon in which certain radio waves can propagate in the space between the ground and the boundary of the ionosphere. Because the ionosphere contains charged particles, it can behave as a conductor. The earth operates as a ground plane, and the resulting cavity behaves as a large waveguide.

Extremely low frequency (ELF) (< 3 kHz) and very low frequency (VLF) (3–30 kHz) signals can propagate efficiently in this waveguide. For instance, lightning strikes launch a signal called radio atmospherics, which can travel many thousands of kilometers, because they are confined between the Earth and the ionosphere. The round-the-world nature of the waveguide produces resonances, like a cavity, which are at ~7 Hz.